Polymorphism Analysis of pfmdr1 and pfcrt from Plasmodium falciparum Isolates in Northwestern Nigeria Revealed the Major Markers Associated with Antimalarial Resistance

Suspicion of failure in the effectiveness artemisinin-based combination therapies (currently first-line treatment malaria, worldwide) is leading to unofficial use alternative antimalarials, including chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, across northern Nigeria. To facilitate evidence-based resistance management, antimalarial mutations were investigated Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance-1 (pfmdr1) transporter (pfcrt), isolates from Kano, northwestern Out 88 samples genotyped for pfmdr1 N86Y mutation using PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism, one sample contained 86Y (86Yfrequency = 1.14%). The analysis 610 bp fragments 16 revealed two polymorphic sites low haplotype diversity (Hd 0.492), with only 86 Y isolate, 184 F replacements five (184Ffrequency 31.25%). 267 pfcrt high polymorphism 0.719), six haplotypes seven non-synonymous sites. Eleven (61.11%) chloroquine-resistant, CQR (C72V73I74E75T76 haplotype), which had an additional mutation, D57E. An sequence was CQR, but C72V73M74E75T76 haplotype, while rest sequences (33.33%) susceptible (C72V73M74N75K76 haplotype). findings these well characterized markers should be considered when designing management strategies